Reading — History of Engineering

"Throughout history, there have always been people who designed and built tools or other devices to solve problems or improve lives."

لماذا استخدم الكاتب have always been وليس were always؟

"The concept of engineering has been around since ancient times, as primitive engineers created basic inventions such as pulley, lever, and the wheel."

ما معنى has been around؟ وما الفرق بينه وبين existed؟

"Each of these inventions is consistent with a modern definition of engineering, and makes use of basic mechanical principles."

ما معنى makes use of؟ وكيف يختلف عن uses؟

"The oldest architect, known by name Imhotep, designed and executed the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser in the Saqqara region in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC."

ما وظيفة العبارة known by name Imhotep في هذه الجملة نحوياً؟

"He is also credited with first using columns in architecture."

ما معنى is credited with؟ وما الصيغة النحوية بعدها؟

"During the sixth century AD, the Indian engineers invented the cotton gin, and by the ninth century AD they designed wind-powered machines such as the windmill and the wind pump."

ما الفرق بين during وby في هذه الجملة؟

"This was essential to the growth of the cotton industry, which was the core of The Early Industrial Revolution in the 18th Century."

ما وظيفة which في هذه الجملة؟ وما الذي تعود عليه؟

"The inventions of the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to the modern mechanical engineering."

ما معنى gave rise to؟ وكيف يختلف عن caused؟

"The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late nineteenth century gave birth to the field of electronics and electrical engineering."

ما معنى gave birth to؟ وما الصورة البلاغية فيه؟

"Today, aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft design; this field of engineering has been growing day after day to allow humans make their dreams come true to invade the outer space."

ما معنى deals with؟ وما الفرق بين has been growing وhas grown؟

"The brilliant minds of engineers are still creating whatever it takes to elevate our world to make it a better place to live."

ما معنى whatever it takes؟ وما وظيفتها النحوية؟